In this Handbook the term ‘history of the language sciences’ will be used to denote the development of linguistic theories (ideas, proposals of analysis, explanations, methodological frameworks) as well as the organizational structures of their implementation, dissemination and teaching throughout the documented history of humankind. Theregular use of the term ‘linguistics’ in this Handbook should not be taken as in any way implying a strict definition of the field. In a strict sense the term might be taken to be applicable only to the modern period in which linguistics was recognized as a separate discipli ne with its own well-defined principles of research and professional organization.
German after Babel.
According to Christoph Besold (1619: 47). the confusion of tongues at Babel involved “lit-terarum radicalium inversionem, transpositionem, litereve radicalis additionem, aut ablationem, vocaliumque immutationem. &c.”. Scholars agreed that after Babel all languages became subject to extralinguistic causality (e.g. climate, ethnic mixture, war. political patronage, religion, and the cultivation or neglect of letters). The available diachronic models could accommodate progress and decline. but most German analyses gravitated towards the latter: antiquity implied excellence. and modernity its debasement: lexical admixture was a negation of the language's legitimacy, as founded in Scriptural and Classical authority.
Language history was further contingent upon tribal or national history. From the 16th century, the Germani were seen as descendants of Ascenas/Ashkenaz. son of Comer, son of Japheth. son of Noah (I Mos. 10) (Metcalf 1953; Gardt 1994:349-352). After Ashkenaz. non-Biblical legitimation was facilitated by the 15th century re-discovery of Tacitus’s Germania (Brough 1985: 26 f.). whence the God Tuisto. his son Man-nus. and Mannus’s three sons, progenitors of the Ingaevones. Herminones. and Istaevones. Long influential in the German tradition was Aventinus (Johannes Turmair). exploiting a spurious text attributed to a Chaldean astrologer-priest Berosus and published by Joannes Annius (Giovanni Nanni) (1512) (Borst 1957—63: 975 If.). According to Aventinus (1533). Tuitsch(o)/Tuisco(n) was father of the Germans. Danes and Wends; a son or grandson of Noah, his brothers included Comer (father of Ascanius/Asch/Ashkenast). Wolfgang Lazius made Tuisco Noah’s son. conjecturing that the Ascanian dynasty in Saxony was named from this source (1557: 16—19). On Aventinus’s authority, the head of the 17th-century Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft. Ludwig von Anhalt-Kothen. was moved to assert a place for German alongside Hebrew, “weill Konig Deutsch Zu Abrahams Zeiten gelebett” (Krause 1855: 258).
Contents.
XXIII. Studies of the Antecedents to and Connections between National Languages.
XXIV. Historical and Comparative Linguistics of the Early 19th Century.
XXV. The Establishment of New Philologies in the 19th Century.
XXVI. Indo-European Philology and Historical Linguistics and their Legacy.
XXVII. Language Typology, Language Classification, and the Search for Universals.
XXVIII. The Analysis of Speech and Unwritten Languages in the 19th Century and its Continuation in the 20th Century.
XXIX. Approaches to Semantics in the 19th and the First Third of the 20th Century.
XXX. Psychology and Physiology in 19th-Century Linguistics.
XXXI. Structural Linguistics in the 20th Century.
XXXII. Traditions of Descriptive Linguistics in America.
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