History of the Language Sciences, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften, Histoire des sciences du langage, Volume 1, Auroux S., 2000

History of the Language Sciences, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften, Histoire des sciences du langage, Volume 1, Auroux S., 2000.
    
   In this Handbook the term ‘history of the language sciences’ will be used to denote the development of linguistic theories (ideas, proposals of analysis, explanations, methodological frameworks) as well as the organizational structures of their implementation, dissemination and teaching throughout the documented history of humankind. Theregular use of the term ‘linguistics’ in this Handbook should not be taken as in any way implying a strict definition of the field. In a strict sense the term might be taken to be applicable only to the modern period in which linguistics was recognized as a separate discipli ne with its own well-defined principles of research and professional organization.




Scribal training.
The early preoccupation of Mesopotamian scholars with linguistic matters stems no doubt from being faced with a bilingual situation. probably more prominent in the written medium, since in the Old Babylonian (OB) period (1894-1595 BC) already Sumerian was no longer a spoken language though it remained written as a literary language used in administrative, technical, and religious texts up to the first century AD. The word for “tongue, language”, erne (Akk. lisaпи) is applied also to dialects or trade languages; the women’s dialect is called eme.sal “fine tongue”; others are eme.galam “high tongue”, eme.si.sa “straight tongue”, eme.-te.na “oblique[?] tongue”, etc.

The necessity of training scribes gave to rise to various lists, the most basic of which is the list of signs, with glosses indicating the sign's possible pronunciations (‘readings’). The earliest lists written in cuneiform, as early as the third millennium, simply catalogue objects or living beings; members belonging to a class are preceded (rarely followed) by a class mark, called ‘determinative’; e. g. names of professions are preceded by the word for “man”, lit: objects made of wood, stone, clay, reed. etc., by the word for “wood”, “stone”, “clay”, “reed”, etc. This classification while obviously semantic is also acrographic, a principle useful for mnemotechnical and didactic purposes and at the same time displaying Mesopotamian man’s preoccupation with the classification of the world around him.

Contents.
Editors’ Foreword.
Vorwort der Herausgeber.
Pre´face des e´diteurs.
I. The Establishment of Linguistic Traditions in the Near East.
II. The Establishment of the Chinese Linguistic Tradition.
III. The Establishment of the Korean Linguistic Tradition.
IV. The Establishment of the Japanese Linguistic Tradition.
V. The Establishment of Sanskrit Linguistics.
VI. The Establishment of Dravidian Linguistics.
VII. The Establishment of Tibetan Linguistics.
VIII. The Establishment of Hebrew Linguistics.
IX. The Establishment of Arabic Linguistics.
X. The Establishment of Syriac Linguistics.
XI. The Establishment of Linguistics in Greece.
XII. The Establishment of Linguistics in Rome.
XIII. The Cultivation of Latin Grammar in the Early Middle Ages.
XIV. Linguistic Theory in the Late Middle Ages.
XV. The Cultivation of Latin Grammar in the Late Middle Ages.
XVI. The Classical Languages in the Age of Humanism.
XVII. The Teaching of Languages in the 15th Through the 18th Centuries in Europe.
XVIII. The Development of Grammatical Traditions for the Literary Vernaculars in Europe.
XIX. The Normative Study of the National Languages from the 17th Century Onwards.
XX. The Study of ‘Exotic’ Languages by Europeans.
XXI. Theories of Grammar and Language Philosophy in the 17th and 18th Centuries.
XXII. Ideas on the Origin of Language and Languages from the 16th to the 19th Centuries.



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