Master the basics, Spanish, Kendris C., 1987

Master the basics, Spanish, Kendris C., 1987.
      
   This is one of a new miniseries of language grammar reviews. This book is intended to help you brush up on your Spanish grammar for instant communication and comprehension because the original numerical arrangement gives you fast and easy access to what you need to know or verify.




AGREEMENT.
An adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun or pronoun it describes. Gender means masculine, feminine, or neuter. Number means singular or plural.

An adjective that ends in о in the masculine singular changes о to a to form the feminine: rojo / roja, pequeño / pequeña.

An adjective that expresses a person’s nationality, which ends in a consonant, requires the addition of a to form the feminine singular:
Juan es español / María es española.

Contents.
Preface.
How to Use This Book.
Find Out What You Know.
Test Yourself.
Answers.
Diagnostic Analysis.
A GRAMMAR BRUSH-UP.
The Basics.
1. A GUIDE TO PRONOUNCING SPANISH SOUNDS.
2. CAPITALIZATION, PUNCTUATION MARKS, AND DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES.
The Parts of Speech.
3. NOUNS.
3.1. Irregular Gender of Nouns.
3.2. Plural of Nouns.
Other Exceptions.
3.3. Special Cases.
3.3-1 Nouns Used as Adjectives.
3.3-2 Nouns in the Diminutive.
3. 3-3 Nouns That Change Meaning According to Gender.
3.3-4 Campo, País, Patria, Nación.
3.3-5 Hora, Tiempo, and Vez.
4. ARTICLES.
4.1. Definite Article.
4.1-1 The Definite Article Is Used.
4.1-2 The Definite Article Is Not Used.
4.2. Indefinite Article.
4.2-1 The Indefinite Article Is Used.
4.2-2 The Indefinite Article Is Not Used.
4.3. The Neuter Article Io.
5. ADJECTIVES.
Definition.
5.1. Agreement.
5.2. Position.
5.3. Plural of Adjectives.
5.4. Types.
5.4-1 Descriptive Adjectives.
5.4-2 Limiting Adjectives.
5.4-3 Demonstrative Adjectives.
5.4-4 Possessive Adjectives.
5.4-5 Interrogativos.
5.4-6 As Nouns.
5.5. Shortened Forms.
5.6. Comparatives and Superlatives.
5.6-1 Comparatives.
5.6-2 Superlatives.
5.6-3 Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives.
6. PRONOUNS.
Definition.
Types.
6.1. Personal Pronouns.
6.1-1 Subject Pronouns.
6.1-2 Direct Object Pronouns.
6.1-3 Indirect Object Pronouns.
6.1-4 Position of Object Pronouns.
6.1-5 Position of Double Object Pronouns: A Summary.
6.1-6 Reflexive Pronouns.
6.2. Prepositional Pronouns.
6.3. Demonstrative Pronouns.
6.3-1 Neuter Forms.
6.4. Possessive Pronouns.
6.4-1 ¿De quiénes ...? ¿De quiénes es? I Whose is ...? ¿De quién son ...? ¿De quiénes son ...? ¿Whose are ...?.
6.5. Relative Pronouns.
6.5-1 que I who, that, whom, which.
6.5-2 quien / who (whom).
6.5-3 el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales I who, that, whom, which, the one which, the ones which, the one who, the ones who.
6.5-4 lo cual I which; lo que I what, that which.
6.5-5 cuanto = todo lo que I all that.
6.5-6 cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas / whose.
6.6. Interrogative Pronouns.
6.7. Indefinite Pronouns.
6.8. Negative Pronouns.
7. VERBS.
7.1. Agreement.
7.1-1 Subject and Verb.
7. 1-2 Subject and Reflexive Pronoun of a Reflexive Verb.
7.2. Types.
7.2-1 Auxiliary (or Helping) Verb: haber / to have.
7.2-2 Transitive Verbs.
7.2-3 Intransitive Verbs.
7.3. Participles.
7.3-1 Past Participle.
7.3-2 Present Participle.
7.4. Verbs and Prepositions.
7.4-1 Verbs of Motion That Take the Preposition a + Infinitive.
7.4-2 Verbs That Take the Preposition a + Infinitive.
7.4-3 Verbs That Take the Preposition a + Noun.
7.4-4 Verbs that Take the Preposition con + Infinitive.
7.4-5 Verbs That Take the Preposition con + Noun.
7.4-6 Verbs That Take the Preposition de + Infinitive.
7.4-7 Verbs That Take the Preposition de + Noun.
7.4-8 Verbs That Generally Take the Preposition en + Infinitive.
7.4-9 Verbs That Generally Take the Preposition en + Noun.
7.4-10 Verbs That Generally Take the Preposition por + Infinitive, Noun. Pronoun, Adjective.
7.4 -11 Verbs + No Preposition + Infinitive.
7.4-12 Verbs That Do Not Ordinarily Require a Preposition.
7.5 Tenses and Moods.
7.5-1 Present Indicative Tense.
7.5-2 Imperfect Indicative Tense.
7.5-3 Preterit Tense.
7.5-4 Future Tense.
7.5-5 Conditional Tense.
7.5-6 Present Subjunctive Tense.
7.5-7 Imperfect Subjunctive Tense.
7.5-8 Present Perfect Indicative Tense.
7.5-9 Pluperfect OR Past Perfect Indicative Tense.
7.5-10 Past Anterior OR Preterit Perfect Tense.
7.5 -11 Future Perfect OR Future Anterior Tense.
7.5-12 Conditional Perfect Tense.
7.5-13 Present Perfect OR Past Subjunctive Tense.
7.5-14 Pluperfect OR Past Perfect Subjunctive Tense.
7.5-15 Progressive Forms of Tenses.
7.5-16 Passive Voice.
7.5-17 Imperative OR Command Mood.
7.5-18 Subjunctive.
7.5-18.1 After Certain Conjunctions.
7.5-18.2 After Certain Adverbs.
7.5-18.3 After Certain Indefinite Expressions.
7.5-18.4 After an Indefinite or Negative Antecedent.
7.5-18.5 After ¡Que...!.
7.5-18.6 After ¡Ojalá que!.
7.5-18.7 After Certain Impersonal Expressions.
7.5-18.8 After Verbs or Expressions That Indicate Denial, Doubt or Lack of Belief, and Uncertainty.
7.5-18.9 After Verbs or.
Expressions That Indicate an Emotion.
7.5-18.10 After Certain Verbs That Imply a Wish or Desire That Something Be Done, Including a Command. Order, Preference, Advice. Permission, Request, Plea. Insistence.
Suggestion.
7.5-18.11 Sequence of Tenses When the Subjunctive Is Required: A Summary.
7.5-19 The Names of Tenses and Moods.
7.6 Special Cases and Verbs with Special Meanings.
7.6-1 Si Clause: A Summary of Contrary-to-Fact Conditions.
7.6-2 Acabar de + Infinitive.
7.6-3 Conocer and Saber.
7.6-4 Deber, Deber de and Tener que.
7.6-5 Dejar, Salir and Salir de.
7.6-6 Dejar de + Infinitive and Dejar Caer.
7. 6-7 Ir. Irse.
7.6-8 Gastar and Pasar.
7.6-9 Gustar.
7.6-10 Haber, Haber de + Infinitive and Tener.
7 6-11 Jugar and Tocar.
7.6-12 Llegar a ser. Hacerse and Ponerse.
7.6-13 Llevar and Tomar.
7.6-14 Pedir and Preguntar.
7.6-15 Pensar de and Pensar en.
7.6-16 Poder and Saber.
7.6-17 Ser and Estar.
7.6-18 Volver and Devolver.
7.7. Commonly Used Basic Irregular Verbs.
7.7-1 Present Indicative.
7.7-2 Imperfect Indicative.
7.7-3 Preterit.
7.7-4 Future.
7.7-5 Conditional.
7.7-6 Present Subjunctive.
7.7-7 Imperfect Subjunctive.
7.7- 8 Complete Conjugations.
7.8. Infinitives.
8. ADVERBS.
Definition.
8. 1 Formation.
8.2. Comparison.
8.3. Interrogative Adverbs Commonly Used.
8.4. Negative Adverbs Commonly Used.
8.5. Special Uses.
9. PREPOSITIONS.
Definition.
9.1. Common Prepositions in Spanish.
9.2. Common Prepositional Phrases in Spanish.
9.3. Distinction Between a Preposition and an Adverb.
9.4. Uses of Prepositions.
9.5. Special Cases.
9.5-1 Personal a.
9.5-2 para con.
9.5-3 para and por.
9.5-4 por or de.
9.5- 5 Special Uses of para and por.
10. CONJUNCTIONS.
Definition.
10.1. Common Conjunctions.
10.2. Other Conjunctions.
10.2-1 pero and sino.
10.2-2 pero and mas.
10.2-3 о and u.
10.2-4 y and e.
Special Topics.
11. EXCLAMATORY STATEMENTS ¡Qué ...! and ¡Tal ...¡.
12. IDIOMS.
12.1. Special Phrases.
12.2. Common Expressions.
13. DATES, DAYS, MONTHS, SEASONS.
13.1. Dates.
13.2. Days.
13.3. Months.
13.4. Seasons.
14. TELLING TIME.
14.1. Time Expressions You Ought to Know.
14.2. "Official" Time Expressions.
15. WEATHER EXPRESSIONS.
16. NUMBERS.
16.1. Cardinal Numbers: zero to one hundred million.
16.2. Ordinal Numbers: first to tenth.
17. SYNONYMS.
18. ANTONYMS.
19. COGNATES.
20. TRICKY WORDS.
Let’s Review.
Test Yourself — 20 Minitests, Based on the 20 Chapters.
Answers.
Index.



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