Basic vocabulary of closely related languages in contact, Egorov I.

Basic vocabulary of closely related languages in contact, Egorov I.

   The present paper provides two case studies of the basic vocabulary of the Turkic languages spoken on the Crimea Peninsula. Its aim is to illuminate the issues that a historical linguist, and in particular a phylogeneticist, faces when analyzing the basic vocabulary of closely related languages in a situation of intensive contact. The first case study is dedicated to the onomasiological reconstruction of the Proto-Karaim Swadesh list. The main problem here is detection of the West Oghuz loans and especially of contact-induced archaization (fake archaisms) in Crimean Karaim. The objective of the second case study is to identify the genealogical affiliation of the Crimean Tatar dialects. Both the manual analysis of the innovations in the basic vocabulary and the computational lexicostatistics (Bayesian approach, Neighborjoining, Maximum Parsimony Analysis) confirm the traditional view that the Coastal dialect belongs to the Oghuz subgroup, the Orta dialect – to the West Kipchak subgroup, and the Steppe dialect – to the Nogai Kipchak subgroup. Such affiliations fully fit the documented ethnic history. The correct genealogical affiliation of the dialects in question became possible only after exclusion of all the loans, which has not been done in previous lexicostatistical studies of Crimean Tatar. Both cases show that careful elimination of areal influences is crucial for semantic (onomasiological) reconstruction and phylogenetic studies.




Crimean Tatar.
The group of dialects traditionally referred to as the Crimean Tatar language actually represents a paraphyletic formation (Sevortyan 1966). It includes (1) Coastal dialect, which is genetically an Oghuz language most closely related to Turkish and Gagauz, (2) Orta (also called Central or Middle) and (3) Steppe dialects, both belonging to different Kipchak subgroups. The Coastal dialect is sometimes named Crimean Turkish; such term reflects its genealogical affiliation exactly. It became the dominant language in the Crimean Khanate, which was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. Modern literary Crimean Tatar is based on the Orta dialect.

Dictionaries: Useinov 2007 – dictionary of the Literary Crimean Tatar which is based on the Middle dialect.
Grammars: Sevortyan 1966; Izidinova 1996 – short grammar sketches; Kavitskaya 2010 – grammar based on the field notes from the early 2000s.

Other materials and studies: Polinsky 1992 – 100-wordlists for three Crimean Tatar dialects.
I also use the wordlist recently collected after my own initiative, which can be found in Supplement 1.



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Теги: учебник по английскому языку :: английский язык :: Egorov