Lexical perspectives on transitivity and ergativity, Causative constructions in English, Lemmens M., 1998

Lexical perspectives on transitivity and ergativity, Causative constructions in English, Lemmens M., 1998.
     
   The present book is an extensive revision of my doctoral dissertation. While many of the analyses and observations go back to the original work, the present book can safely be said to be a complete rewrite of the original manuscript. The theoretical descriptions have been pruned to what is absolutely essential and the descriptive material has been restructured to better clarify my own cognitive lexical-paradigmatic approach to causative constructions in English, basically a synthesis of cognitive grammar and systemic-functional grammar.




Theoretical framework.
As to its underlying assumptions, the present work adheres primarily to the principles of Cognitive Grammar as developed by Langacker (see References), especially in its treatment of lexical meaning. In addition, this study draws considerably on Systemic-Functional Grammar as developed by Halliday and others (especially Davidse 1991) whose views are in many respects strikingly compatible with those of Cognitive Grammar. At the same time, this work incorporates some descriptive insights from work in the framework of Generative Grammar and Relational Grammar and their derivatives (e.g. Keyser & Roeper 1984, Levin 1993; Levin & Rappaport Hovav 1995). As such, the theoretical underpinnings of this work offer what I believe to be an innovative synthesis of these frameworks. While the result may no longer be fully compatible with rigid formulations of any of these, it offers insights which can be pertinent to all.

The following sections briefly map out the major assumptions of these frameworks. The discussion, necessarily very brief, starts with Cognitive Grammar, the theoretical homeground of this book. Next, it discusses some notions of Systemic-Functional Grammar from which the insights concerning the paradigmatic opposition between transitivity and ergativity are borrowed. Finally, some aspects of Generative and Relational Grammar deserve some attention. It should be stressed that these descriptions serve to situate the present work in the linguistic tradition and do not aspire to be a frill-fledged evaluation of these models. More critical evaluations occur at various places in this book, when specific views (e.g. on analytical versus lexical causatives or on agentivity) are at issue.

CONTENTS.
Part I: Theoretical Premises.
Chapter 1: Introduction.
1.1. Constructional variation with causative verbs.
1.2. Structural organization of this book.
1.2.1. Part I: Theoretical premises.
1.2.2. Part II: Case studies.
1.3. Theoretical framework.
1.3.1. Cognitive Grammar.
1.3.2. Systemic Functional Grammar.
1.3.3. Generative and Relational Grammar.
1.4. Empirical methodology.
1.4.1. Advantages of corpus-based research.
1.4.2. Corpora consulted.
Chapter 2: The semantics of causative constructions.
2.1. Analytical versus lexical causatives.
2.2. Transitive versus ergative lexical causatives.
2.2.1. Traditional form-based transitive/ergative typology.
2.2.2. Langacker’s cognitive approach.
2.2.3. Levin’s lexical-semantic approach.
2.2.4. Davidse’s paradigmatic approach.
2.2.5. Present cognitive lexical-paradigmatic approach.
Chapter 3: The semantics of causative verbs.
3.1. The structure of lexical categories.
3.2. The structure of lexical fields.
3.3. Lexical versus constructional semantics.
3.4. Conclusions to Part I.
Part II: Case Studies.
Chapter 4: Lexically determined flexibility and constraints.
4.1. Introduction.
4.2. A synchronic perspective on constructional constraints.
4.2.1. Defining the middle construction.
4.2.2. A lexical-paradigmatic view on the middle construction.
4.2.2.1. Transitive versus ergative middle constructions.
4.2.2.2. Lexical constraints on the middle alternation.
4.2.2.3. English middable verbs.
4.3. A diachronic perspective on constructional flexibility.
4.3.1. The ergativization of intransitives.
4.3.1.1. Starve.
4.3.1.2. Hunger and Thirst.
4.3.1.3. Ergativization as linguistic creativity.
4.3.2. The ergativization of transitives.
4.3.3. Complex patterns of paradigm shifts.
4.3.3.1. Throttle an engine.
4.3.3.2. Hang.
4.3.3.3. Abort.
4.4. Conclusions.
Chapter 5: The Agent-centredness of the transitive paradigm.
5.1. The experiential basis of agentivity.
5.2. Lexical blueprints for agentivity: the MURDER verbs.
5.2.1. Overview of the MURDER verbs.
5.2.2. Murder.
5.2.3. Assassinate.
5.2.4. Execute.
5.2.5. Lynch.
5.2.6. Slay.
5.2.7. Massacre.
5.2.8. Butcher and Slaughter.
5.2.9. Kill.
5.2.10. Causes and Agents.
5.3. Morphological blueprints for agentivity: agentive nominals.
5.3.1. The semantic network for -er.
5.3.2. A lexical-paradigmatic view on -er.
5.3.2.1. Transitive preference of -er.
5.3.2.2. Paradigmatic complexities of -er.
5.3.3. Summary.
5.4. Constructional blueprints for agentivity: the objectless transitive.
5.4.1. A lexical view on the objectless transitive.
5.4.2. A lexical-paradigmatic view on the objectless transitive.
5.5. Conclusions.
Chapter 6: The Medium-centredness of the ergative paradigm.
6.1. The experiential basis of ergativity.
6.2. Lexical and constructional convergence in Early Modern English.
6.3. Lexical and constructional differentiation in Contemporary English.
6.3.1. Overview of the SUFFOCATE verbs.
6.3.2. Suffocate.
6.3.3. Asphyxiate.
6.3.4. Smother, Smoulder, and Smore.
6.3.5. Drown.
6.3.6. Stifle.
6.3.7. Strangle and Throttle.
6.3.8. Choke.
6.3.9. Summary.
6.4. Transitivity and force-dynamics: phrasal verbs.
6.4.1. Overview of constructional deviations.
6.4.2. Choke down.
6.4.3. Choke back.
6.4.4. Choke out.
6.4.5. Choke off.
6.4.6. Choke up.
6.4.7. Drown out.
6.4.8. Summary.
6.5. Conclusions.
Chapter 7: Complexities of the transitive-ergative interplay.
7.1. The experiential basis of the transitive/ergative interplay.
7.2. Lexical and constructional variation in Modem English.
7.3. Ergativization of abort in Early Modem English.
7.4. Transitivization of abort in Modem English.
7.5. Conclusions.
Chapter 8: Summary and evaluation.
8.1. Summary.
8.2. Evaluation.
8.2.1. Lexical and constructional interdependency.
8.2.2. The cognitive reality of transitivity and ergativity.
8.3. Further Research.
References.
Dictionaries.
Corpus References.
Glossary.
Index of Names.
Index of Subjects.



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