Master the basics, German, Graves P.G., 1995

Master the basics, German, Graves P.G., 1995.

   This book is intended as a handy reference guide for high school and college students as well as for business people. It should also be useful for those who have had some German previously and want to "brush up" their grammar. Most of the grammar terms used probably are already familiar to you. You will find them here again set forth carefully, clearly, concisely. Learning grammar is not an end in itself but a tool for acquiring a language. Grammar, if it is to be the indispensable helpmate of language study, should be presented in a friendly, nonthreatening way. This we have tried to do.




Orthography.
Orthography is defined as the art of writing words with the proper letters according to standard usage. It includes topics such as spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and syllabication.

Spelling German correctly is far easier than spelling English. There are no great discrepancies between written and spoken German. Every sound has its own fixed symbol, with but few exceptions — e.g., the silent h that serves to lengthen vowels (as in Lohn / reward; mehr / more). Other than in the combination ie (as in bieten / to offer), where the e serves to lengthen the i, e is never silent. For "I come" Germans can say or write either ich komme or ich komm. Written German reflects the spoken language to a higher degree than is the case in English. Mastering German pronunciation (Chapter 1) is a good way to learn German spelling. When in doubt, consult a dictionary.

What we are mainly concerned with in this chapter are those parts of orthography where German deviates from the rules that govern English usage.

Contents.
Preface.
How to Use This Book.
FIND OUT WHAT YOU KNOW.
Test Yourself Answers.
Diagnostic Analysis.
A GRAMMAR BRUSH-UP.
The Basics.
1. PRONUNCIATION.
1.1. The German Alphabet.
1.2. Vowels, Umlauts, Diphtongs.
1.3. Consonants.
1.4. Stress.
2. ORTHOGRAPHY.
2.1. Capitalization.
2.2. Syllabication.
2.3. Punctuation.
3. WORD ORDER.
3.1. What Is a Sentence?.
3.2. Types of Sentences According to Function.
3.2-1 Affirmative.
3.2-2 Negative.
3.2-3 Interrogative.
3.3. Types of Sentences According to Structure.
3.3-1 Simple.
3.3-2 Complex.
3.4. Incomplete Sentences.
Parts of Speech.
4. NOUNS.
4.1. What Are Nouns?.
4.2. Gender.
4.2-1 Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.
4.2-2 Nouns Having More Than One Gender.
4.2-3 Compound Nouns.
4.3. Number.
4.4. Declension of Nouns.
4.4-1 Singular.
4.4-2 Plural.
4.4-3 Irregular Nouns.
4.4-4 Nouns with Mixed Declensions.
4.5. The Saxon Genitive.
5. ARTICLES.
5.1. What Are Articles?.
5.2. The Definite Article.
5.3. The Indefinite Article.
5.4. Demonstratives.
6. ADJECTIVES.
6.1. Declension of Adjectives.
6.1-1 Weak Endings.
6.1-2 Strong Endings.
6.1-3 Mixed Endings.
6.1-4 Adjectives Used as Nouns.
6.1-5 Predicative Adjectives.
6.1-6 Miscellaneous.
6.2. Comparison of Adjectives.
6.2-1 Comparative and Superlative.
6.2-2 Positive.
6.3. Possessive Adjectives.
7. PRONOUNS.
7.1. Personal Pronouns.
7.1-1 Subject.
7.1-2 Object.
7.1-3 Reflexive.
7.2. Possessives.
7.3. Relative Pronouns.
7.4. Interrogative Pronouns.
7.5. Indefinite Pronouns.
8. VERBS.
8.1. What Are Verbs?.
8.2. The Indicative Mood.
8.2-1 Present Tense.
8.2-2 Past Tense.
8.2-3 Present Perfect Tense.
8.2-4 Past Perfect Tense.
8.2-5 Future Tense.
8.2-6 Future Perfect Tense.
8.3. The Imperative.
8.4. The Subjunctive Mood.
8.5. The Conditional Mood.
8.6. Miscellaneous Categories.
8.6-1 Impersonal Verbs.
8.6-2 Verbs Taking The Dative.
8.6-3 Reflexive Verbs.
8.6-4 Separable Prefixes.
8.6-5 Inseparable Prefixes.
8.7. Present Participle and Verbal Nouns.
8.7-1 Verbal Nouns.
8.8. Modal Verbs.
8.9. The Passive Voice.
8.9-1 Present Tense.
8.9-2 Past Tense.
8.9-3 Present Perfect Tense.
8.9-4 Past Perfect Tense.
8.9-5 Future Tense.
8.9-6 Modal Auxiliaries.
8.9-7 Substitutes for The Passive Voice.
8.9-8 The False Passive.
9. ADVERBS.
9.1. Adverbs of Place.
9.2. Adverbs of Time.
9.3. Adverbs of Manner and Degree.
9.4. Adverbs Indicating Caution.
9.5. Adverbs with Suffixes.
9.6. Comparison of Adverbs.
9.7. Modal Adverbs.
10. PREPOSITIONS.
10.1. Prepositional Contractions.
10.2. Usage.
10.2-1 Prepositions Taking the Accusative.
10.2-2 Prepositions Taking the Dative.
10.2-3 Prepositions Taking the Dative or the Accusative.
10.2-4 Prepositions Taking the Genitive.
11. CONJUNCTIONS.
11.1. Coordinating Conjunctions.
11.2. Subordinating Conjunctions.
11.2-1 The Conjunctions wenn, wann, and indem.
11.2-2 Other Subordinating Conjunctions.
12. WORD FORMATION.
12.1. Compounding Independent Words.
12.2. Compounding with Prefixes.
12.2-1 Nouns and Adjectives.
12.2-2 Verb Prefixes.
12.3. Compounding with Suffixes.
12.3-1 Masculine Nouns.
12.3-2 Feminine Nouns.
12.3-3 Neuter Nouns.
12.3-4 Adjectives.
12.3-5 Adjectives as Suffixes.
Special Topics.
13. COMMON PHRASES AND IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS.
13.1. Common Phrases.
13.2. Idiomatic Expressions.
13.3. Miscellaneous Expressions.
14. NUMBERS.
14.1. Cardinal Numbers.
14.1-1 The Number “One”.
14.1-2 Repetitive and Duplicating Numbers.
14.2. Ordinal Numbers.
14.3. Miscellaneous Terms.
15. TELLING TIME.
15.1. What Time Is It?.
15.2. The Hours.
15.2-1 The Twelve-Hour Clock.
15.2-2 The Twenty-four-Hour Clock.
15.3. The Minutes.
16. DAYS, MONTHS, SEASONS, DATES, AND THE WEATHER.
16.1. The Days of the Week.
16.2. The Months of the Year.
16.3. The Seasons.
16.4. Related Expressions.
16.5. Dates.
16.6. The Weather.
17. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.
17.1. Synonyms.
17.2. Antonyms.
Verb Charts Let’s Review.
Test Yourself Answers.
Index.



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