Complete English, Grammar-B2, Grammar booklet, Mancino P.

Complete English, Grammar-B2, Grammar booklet, Mancino P.

Фрагмент из книги.
The modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should. They take no -s In the third person singular. She can sing well. They come before the subject in questions and are followed by “not” in negations. "May I use your phone?” “I'm afraid you can’t”. The modal verbs, except for “ought”, are followed by an infinitive without to. You ought to be there on time. Certain verbs and expressions have virtually the same meaning as some modals. These are: need (= must), had better (= should), have to/have got to (= must), be able to (= can), used to (= would) etc. You’d better go. Modal verbs are used to express: ability, advice, criticism, logical assumptions, necessity, offers, obligation/duty, permission, possibility, prohibition, requests or suggestions.




REPORTED SPEECH.
Direct Speech gives the exact words someone said. We use inverted commas in Direct Speech. “It’s quite warm,” she said. Reported Speech gives the exact meaning of what someone said but not the exact words. We do not use inverted commas in Reported Speech. She said it was quite warm.

Reported questions are used to report someone else’s questions, suggestions, offers or requests. In reported questions we use affirmative word order and the question mark becomes a full stop. Inverted commas are omitted. To report a question we use: a) ask + question word (who, which, where, how etc) when the direct question begins with a question word; b) ask + If/whether when the direct question begins with an auxiliary verb (do, have, can etc). Tenses, personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, time words etc change as in statements.

Contents.
Unit 1: Modals.
Unit 2: The Infinitive / -ing forms / Participles.
Unit 3: Tenses.
Unit 4: Clauses / Linking Words.
Unit 5: Adjectives / Adverbs / Comparisons.
Unit 6: Passive Voice / Causative Form.
Unit 7: Reported Speech.
Unit 8: Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past.
Unit9: Nouns / Articles.
Unit 10: Emphatic Structures / Inversion.
Unit 11: Determiners / Pronouns.
Unit 12: Questions / Short Answers.
Appendix 1: Verbs, Adjectives, Nouns with Prepositions.
Prepositional Phrases.



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