Semiconductor lasers, Fundamentals and applications, Baranov A., Tournié E., 2013

The waveguide and cavity.
The output from the laser is in specific optical modes determined by solutions of Maxwell’s equations for the waveguide and by the gain spectrum of the active medium, and is polarised usually with the electric field in the plane of the well (ТЕ). Lateral guiding (л-direction. Fig. 1.1) may occur due to variation in the gain due to the current distribution (gain guiding) or in the refractive index (index guiding); the former is the case for a wide current-confining stripe, as in Fig. 1.1, whereas a narrow ridge provides strong index guiding. The transverse modes (z) are controlled by the refractive index profile of the slab waveguide (see Agrawal and Dutta, 1993, section 2.5).

The longitudinal modes are determined by constructive interference along the axis of the cavity (y), and in edge emitting devices where the cavity length is very large there are many such closely spaced modes within the gain spectrum of the material. In vertical cavity lasers there is only a small number of modes in the propagation direction within the gain spectrum, sometimes only one, due to the very short cavity length.



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